LOW VISION CAUSE GRADES MANAGEMENT

                                       LOW VISION

WHAT IS LOW VISION?

=> "A person with low vision is one who has impairment of visual functioning even after treatment and/or standard refractive correction, and has a visual acuity of less than 6/18 to light perception, or a visual field of less than 10 degrees from the point of fixation, but who uses, or is potentially able to use, vision for planning and/or execution of a task." according to WHO

GRADES OF LOW VISION----

HISTORY TAKING OF A LOW VISION PATIENT-------

• PERSONAL DETAILS

NAME OF THE PATIENT:

AGE:

GENDER:

ADDRESS:

EDUCATION:

OCCUPATION:

• OCULAR HISTORY

DISEASE: (IF ANY PRESENT)

MEDICATION:

ONSET:

• SYSTEMIC DISEASE

DISEASE: (IF ANY PRESENT)

MEDICATION:

ONSET:

• FAMILY HISTORY

DISEASE: (IF ANY PRESENT)

MEDICATION:

ONSET:

• LOW VISION HISTORY

OPTICAL DEVICE:

NON-OPTICAL DEVICE:

ELECTRICAL DEVICE:

WHAT SHOULD BE AVOID:

• VISUAL ACTIVITY

                                ABLE TO DO  /   DIFFICULT TO DO   /  NOT ABLE TO DO 

• COOKING
• READING
• WALKING
• MOBILE USING

OCULAR EXAMINATION: -

1. SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION: --

a. Cornea-

b. Sclera-

c. Conjunctiva-

d. Pupil-

e. Iris-

f. Lens-

2. VISUAL ACUITY: -

LOGMAR CHART

Near-

Distance-

3. REFRACTION: -

Retinoscopy-

Subjective refraction-

Objective refraction-

4. CONTRAST SENSITIVITY--

Pelli robson chart-

5. COLOR VISION TEST: -

D15-

6.RAPD TEST--

7.GLARE TEST-

8. POSTERIOR SEGMENT--

Retina examination-

OCT-

FFA-

9. RECOMMENDATION---

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CAUSES OF LOW VISION:-------

THERE ARE SOME DISEASE OR CONDITION WHICH CAUSES VISUAL IMPAIRMENT. CAUSES OF LOW VISION ARE FOLLOWING:

1. AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
2. RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA
3. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
4. CATARACT
5. GLAUCOMA
6. OPTIC ATROPHY & OPTICA NEURITIS
7. MYOPIC DEGENERATION
8. AMBLYOPIA
9. NYSTAGMUS 
10. ALBINISM
11. ANIRIDA
12. RETINAL DETACHMENT
13. COLOBOMA
14. CORNEAL DEGENERATION

1. ARMD : 

           ARMD is a progressive disease with no known cure. It slowly steals vision as it affects the retina, a paper-thin tissue lining the back of the eye, and causes the cells in the area to die. As a result, if you have ARMD, you see blind spots, grayness and other distortions in the center frame of your vision.

2. RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA :

Most forms of retinitis pigmentosa affect the rods first. Your night vision and your ability to see to the side -- peripheral vision -- go away. Cones are mostly in the center of your retina. ... When RP affects them, you slowly lose your central vision and your ability to see color.

3. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY :

Diabetic retinopathy occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina. It can cause "blind spots," blurry vision, and vision loss.

4. CATARACT :

A cataract is a clouding of part or all the lens inside the eye. This clouding interferes with light reaching the retina at the back of the eye, resulting in a general loss of vision.

5. GLAUCOMA :

Glaucoma also causes peripheral and eventually central vision field defects, or so-called “tunnel vision.” Glaucoma patients also can have impaired sensitivity to contrast or problems with glare, and more difficulties in adapting to the dark.

6. OPTIC ATROPHY & OPTICA NEURITIS :

Optic atrophy occurs as a result of damage to the optic nerve, which conveys impulses from the eye to the brain. This condition leads to a loss of central and/or peripheral vision.

7. MYOPIC DEGENERATION :

Patients with degenerative myopia typically complain of decreased vision, headaches, and sensitivity to light. If retinal degeneration or detachment is present, patients may also report light flashes and floaters, which are associated with retina changes.

8. AMBLYOPIA :

In most cases, only one eye is affected. But in some cases, amblyopia can occur in both eyes. If a lazy eye is detected early in life and promptly treated, reduced vision can be avoided. But the untreated lazy eye can cause permanent loss of vision in the affected eye.

9. NYSTAGMUS :

Patients with nystagmus may report problems with balance. Impairment to binocular vision is common with early-onset nystagmus and depth perception is indirectly impaired in many patients. Nystagmus acquired later in life may cause vertigo or dizziness like effects from the sensation of motion in the vision.

10. ALBINISM :

Total or partial loss of pigments in the eye.

visual acuity decrease & painful photophobia.

11. ANIRIDA :

Aniridia can cause a reduction in the sharpness of vision (visual acuity) and increased sensitivity to light (photophobia). 

12. RETINAL DETACHMENT :

If you suddenly notice spots, floaters, and flashes of light, you may be experiencing the warning signs of a detached retina. Your vision might become blurry, or you might have poor vision.

13.  COLOBOMA :

Large retinal colobomas or those affecting the optic nerve can cause low vision, which means vision loss that cannot be completely corrected with glasses or contact lenses. 

14. CORNEAL DEGENERATION :

Corneal blindness is one of the major causes of visual deficiency after cataract, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). 

MANAGEMENT FOR LOW VISION PATIENT--

1. HISTORY TAKING 
2. VISUAL ACUITY TESTING
3. VISUAL FIELD TESTING
4. RAPD TEST
5. CONTRAST SENSITIVITY TEST
6. EDUCATE THE PATIENT ABOUT THEIR PROBLEMS
7. CHOOSE THE LOW VISION DEVICES
8. LOW VISION REHABILITATION TRAINING
9. ORIENTATION & MOBILITY TRAINING

LOW VISION AIDS----

https://www.slideshare.net/ayinunnipa/low-vision-aids-67921142

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